COMMANDS AND NEGATIVE COMMANDS , ADJECTIVE , Negative – Either Neither, rarely, hardly, barely

COMMANDS AND NEGATIVE COMMANDS

Commands

Berisikan perintah kepada seseorang untuk mengerjakan suatu hal tertentu. Ciri kalimat ini adalah dipergunaknnya kata kerja bentuk pertama pada awal kalimat jika perintah tersebut berupa kata kerja. Sedangkan jika perintah berupa kata sifat, maka kita pergunakan be pada awal kalimat yang kemudian diikuti oleh kata sifat (adjective), dan juga diikuti oleh kata keterangan (adverb), atau kata benda (noun). Perhatikan contoh berikut:

•   Perintah berupa kata kerja (verb)  
• Go home and take a rest. You’ll fine.!
• Take some pain pills, please!
• See the doctor and get some medicines from the drugstore!
• Eat breakfast in the morning. It’s very good for you!
• Perintah berupa kata sifat (adjective), kata keterangan (adverb), atau kata benda (noun)
•  Be careful and be sure! (adjective)
• Be ready to go now! (adjective)
• Be here as soon as possible! (adverb)
• Be a good man! (noun)

Negative Commands

Berisikan larangan yang ditujukan kepada seseorang agar tidak melakukan suatu hal tertentu. Ciri kalimat itu adalah dipergunakannya don’t pada awal kalimat yang kemudian diikuti oelh kata kerja I ataau kita menambahkan be terlebih dahulu untuk kemudian diikuti oleh kata sifat, kata keterangan, ataupun kata benda.

•  Larangan berupa kata kerja. 
• Don’t go home!
• Don’t take any pain pills!
• Don’t see the doctor!
• Don’t eat breakfast too much!
• Larangan berupa kata sifat, kata keterangan, kata benda.
• Don’t be careless and be doubtful!
• Don’t be lazy to go now!
•  Don’t be here so soon!
• Don’t be bad boy. Everyone will hate you!

ADJECTIVE

Pengertian Adjective

Adjective adalah suatu kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place (tempat), animal(binatang), maupun thing (benda, konsep abstrak). Kata sifat ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech. 

Adjective Phrase dan Compound Adjective

Adjective mungkin berbentuk sederhana (dark, hot, young), atau berbentuk frasa. Frasa adjective, disebut adjective phrase, merupakan kombinasi dari adjective (sebagai head) dan modifier atau determiner.

Contoh Adjective Phrase:

• very dark chocolate
• many young married couple

Selain itu, dua adjective mungkin dapat bergabung untuk membentuk kata baru yang disebut compound adjective.

Contoh Compound Adjective:

• part-time jobs
• oil-free lotion

Adjective Position

Kata sifat mungkin menempati salah satu posisi:

• Attributive: diletakkan di depan noun (beautiful girls)
• Postpositive: dibelakang noun tanpa disela linking verb (someone special)
• Predicative: diletakkan setelah noun dengan disela linking verb (contoh kalimat: The lady is beautiful)

Adjective Order

Jika ada lebih dari satu adjective di depan noun, kita perlu mengikuti adjective order, yakni urutan adjective berdasarkan kategori: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose.

Contoh Adjective Order:

• two happy small blue birds (opinion – size – color)

Adjective Degree

Untuk menyatakan perbandingan, dapat digunakan adjective dalam bentuk:

• positive degree: membandingkan kesetaraan (She is as good as you in math.)
• comparative degree: untuk membandingkan dua hal (Today should be better than yesterday.)
• superlative degree: untuk membandingkan tiga hal atau lebih (He was the best of all of us.)

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective, untuk menjelaskannoun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence.

Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause:

• The student who always goes to school by bus is my friend.

Klause ini mungkin direduksi (dipersingkat) – reduced adjective clause – dengan menghilangkan relative pronoun dan mengubah kata kerja yang digunakan menjadi participle.

Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adjective Clause:

• The student always going to school by bus is my friend.

Macam-Macam Adjective

• Stative dan Dynamic Adjective: stative mencirikan kondisi yang cenderung permanen (small, black, tall), sedangkan dynamic berhubungan dengan tingkah laku (foolish, friendly, playful).
• Inherent dan Non-Inherent Adjective: inherent mencirikan secara langsung noun yang diterangkannya (someone special = special mencirikan someone secara langsung ~ someone who is special),  sedangkan non-inherent kebalikannya (my old friend = bukan “my friend who is old”, melainkan old mencirikan friendship yang telah berlangsung lama).

Negative – Either Neither, rarely, hardly, barely

Pengertian Negation

Negation adalah bentuk pernyataan negatif. Kita tahu betul bahwa untuk membentuk kalimat negatif ada beberapa cara, namun begitu di bawah ini akan kami jelaskan bentuk-bentuk negation, atau bentuk-bentuk bagaimana membentuk suatu pernyataan negatif.

• Dengan Auxiliary Verbs

Ingat bahwa apabila kita sudah menggunakan Auxiliary verbs dalam kalimat negative, maka Kata kerja harus kembali ke bentuk semula.

            Contoh:

• I didn’t understand what you mean. (BUKAN I din’t understood…)
• She can’t swim well.
• She doesn’t come today.
• Dengan Menggunakan “No”

Kita bisa juga membentuk kalimat negatif dengan menggunakan “No“.

              Contoh:

• I have no money. (ATAU I don’t have money)
• She has no any sugar. (ATAU she does not have any sugar)

Negative – Either Neither

Either or neither di gunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat negative.

[S1 + auxiliary not + V + O dan S2 + auxiliary not + either / neither

+ auxiliary + S2]

Neither = not either, oleh karenanya setelah auxiliary tidak, tidak disertai „not‟ lagi.

    Example:

• They do not come late
• Brian does not come late
• They do not come late and Brian does not either / neither does Brian

Kalimat pertanyaan pertama yang mengandung kata: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, few and little dianggap memiliki pengertian negative.

     Example:

• I seldom visit my uncle, and neither does my sister
• I rarely visit my uncle, but my sister does.

Gabungan Setara

Bilamana kata „either‟ dan „neither‟ di ikuti oleh „or‟ dan „nor‟kata kerja/ auxiliarynya mungkin singular atau pun plural (jamak) bergantung pada kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟ apakah singular atau plural.

Kalaupun kata „or‟ atau „nor‟ berdiri sendiri, verb tetap di temukan oleh kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟.

Neither/

Either

….

Nor

or

Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary

Neither/

Either

+ Noun +

Nor

Or

Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary

Noun +

Nor

Or

+ Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary

Noun +

Nor

Or

+ Plural noun + Plural verb/ Auxiliary

Neither John nor Bill is going to class today

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

Neither John nor his friends are going to class today

rarely, hardly, barely

Rarely adalah adverb of frequency yang menunjukkan intensitas waktu (how often) sedangkan hardly dan barely adalah adverb of measurement yang menujukkan ke tidakmampuan / kesulitan seseorang untukmelakukan sesuatu ketiganya mempunyai arti yang sama

Contoh :

• Marti rarely drinks coffee (marti hampir tidak pernah minum kopi)
• Do yo hardly ever get sick (apakah kamu hampir tidak pernah jatuh sakit?)
• She barely knows how to read compass and map (dia tidak tau bagaimana membaca kompas dan peta)

Possessive Adjective , Possessive Pronouns , Reflexive Pronouns , Gerund , Infinitives , Affirmative and Negative Aggreement

Possessive Adjectives

We use possessive adjectives to show who owns or "possesses" something. The possessive adjectives are:

• my, your, his, her, its, our, their
• whose (interrogative)

number	person	gender	possessive adjective	example sentence
singular	1st	male/female	my	This is my book.
	2nd	male/female	your	I like your hair.
	3rd	male	his	His name is "John".
		female	her	Her name is "Mary".
		neuter	its	The dog is licking its paw.
plural	1st	male/female	our	We have sold our house.
	2nd	male/female	your	Your children are lovely.
	3rd	male/female/neuter	their	The students thanked their teacher.
singular/plural	1st/2nd/3rd	male/female (not neuter)	whose	Whose phone did you use?

Compare:

your = possessive adjective
you're = you are

its = possessive adjective
it's = it is OR it has

their = possessive adjective
they're = they are
there = adverb (I'm not going there / look over there / there is a car outside)

whose = possessive adjective
who's = who is OR who has

Be careful! There is no apostrophe (') in the possessive adjective "its". We use an apostrophe to write the short form of "it is" or "it has". For example:
it's raining = it is raining
it's finished = it has finished

I'm taking my dog to the vet. It's broken its leg.

Possessive Pronouns

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).

We use possessive pronouns depending on:

• number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours)
• person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
• gender: male (his), female (hers)

Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by some example sentences. Notice that each possessive pronoun can:

• be subject or object
• refer to a singular or plural antecedent

number	person	gender (of "owner")	possessive pronouns
singular	1st	male/female	mine
	2nd	male/female	yours
	3rd	male	his
		female	hers
plural	1st	male/female	ours
	2nd	male/female	yours
	3rd	male/female/neuter	theirs

• Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (subject = My picture)
• I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object = my flowers)
• I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours. (object = your key)
• My flowers are dying. Yours are lovely. (subject = Your flowers)
• All the essays were good but his was the best. (subject = his essay)
• John found his passport but Mary couldn't find hers. (object = her passport)
• John found his clothes but Mary couldn't find hers. (object = her clothes)
• Here is your car. Ours is over there, where we left it. (subject = Our car)
• Your photos are good. Ours are terrible. (subject = Our photos)
• Each couple's books are colour-coded. Yours are red. (subject = Your books)
• I don't like this family's garden but I like yours. (object = your garden)
• These aren't John and Mary's children. Theirs have black hair. (subject = Their children)
• John and Mary don't like your car. Do you like theirs? (object = their car)

Notice that the following (with apostrophe [']) do NOT exist: her's, your's, their's

Notice that the interrogative pronoun whose can also be a possessive pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun). Look at these examples:

• There was $100 on the table and Tara wondered whose it was.
• This car hasn't moved for two months. Whose is it?

Reflexive Pronouns

reflexive (adj.) [grammar]: reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror

We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

There are eight reflexive pronouns:

	reflexive pronoun
singular	myself yourself himself, herself, itself
plural	ourselves yourselves themselves

Look at these examples:

	reflexive pronouns
the underlined words are NOT the same person/thing	the underlined words are the SAME person/thing
John saw me.	I saw myself in the mirror.
Why does he blame you?	Why do you blame yourself?
David sent him a copy.	John sent himself a copy.
David sent her a copy.	Mary sent herself a copy.
My dog hurt the cat.	My dog hurt itself.
We blame you.	We blame ourselves.
Can you help my children?	Can you help yourselves?
They cannot look after the babies.	They cannot look after themselves.

Intensive pronouns

Notice that all the above reflexive pronouns can also act as intensive pronouns, but the function and usage are different. An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent. Look at these examples:

• I made it myself. OR I myself made it.
• Have you yourself seen it? OR Have you seen it yourself?
• The President himself promised to stop the war.
• She spoke to me herself. OR She herself spoke to me.
• The exam itself wasn't difficult, but exam room was horrible.
• Never mind. We'll do it ourselves.
• You yourselves asked us to do it.
• They recommend this book even though they themselves have never read it. OR They recommend this book even though they have never read it themselves.

Gerunds (-ing)

When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to understand that they are not the same.

VERB + GERUND

   Ex :

·               1. I appreciated being given suggestions by her.

·               2. Has Bella admitted killing eleven people yet?

·               3. Sinta always avoids answering my questions.

VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND

Ex:

·               1. Have you ever thought of studying abroad?

·               2. He gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.

·               3. Jenny insisted on buying that cellphone instead of this one.

INFINITIVES PHRASES

         Infinitives is a grammatical term used to refer to certain verb forms that exist in many languages. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition applicable to all languages. The word is derived from Late Latin infinitivus, a derivative of infinitus meaning "infinite". Infinitives are used mostly as non-finite verbs.

Verb “infinitives”:

“hope to, plan to, advise to, command to, compel to, encourage to, intend to, decide to, promise to, agree to, offer to, refuse to, seem to, appear to, pretend to, ask to, expect to, would like to, want to, need to, forbid to, force to, beg to, instruct to, invite to, order to, etc”.

INFINITIVE + VERB

RUMUS : Subject + Verb + to infinitive

Ex:

- He refused to go.

- I expect to pass the test.

- I hope to see you again.

- The driver was ordered to stop. 

- We’re going out for dinner. Would you like to join us?

ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVES

           

RUMUS :

(kalimat) + Adjective + to infinitive

Ex : English is easy to learn

AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

            Sebenarnya kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu juga, pula, pun. Tapi dalam penggunaannya terdapat perbedaan, sodigunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan auxilliaries(kata bantu).

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and so will I

2. My wife has talked about it, and so have I

3. My wife talked about it, and so did I

4. My wife is talking about it, and so am I

Sedangkan too dan also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and I will too

2. My wife has talked about it, and I have too

3. My wife talked about it, and I did also

4. My wife is talking about it, and I am also

            When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
Ex:

1.When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]

Example: I am happy and you are too.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S ]
Example: I am happy and so are you.

2.When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.

Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]

Example: Edward should do his homework and Bella should too.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]

Example: Edward should do his homework and so does Bella.

3.When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.

Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]

Example: Jackson plays guitar every day and Jessica does too.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Example:

1.        Mark sung “moments” and so did Kevin.

2.      We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.

3.      My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.

4.      My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.

5.      They wrote a good poem, and so did he.

6.      Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.

Additional

Examples:
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.

2. They will leave at noon, and I will too.

3. He has an early appointment, and so do I.

4. She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.

5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.

6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.

7. We like to swim in the pool, and they do too.

8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.

9. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.

10. I must write them a letter, and she must too.

  

Negative Agreement

            Neither dan either memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak. neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and neither will I

2. My roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I

3. My roommate doesn't go, and neither do I

4. My roommate isn't going, and neither am I

Dan untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata "not", for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either

2. My roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either 

3. My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either

4. My roommate isn't going, and I am not either.

Hal lain yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries setelah kata "..and.." harus sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :
My wife is talking about it, and so am I

My wife has talked about it, and I have too

My roommate won't go, and neither will I

My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either

Ex:

1.      The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.

2.      We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.

3.      You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.

4.      My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.

5.      He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.

“Either” and “neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.

Negative statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]

Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning

I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.

I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did Edward.

Additional examples:

1.The students won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the faculty won’t either.

2. I haven’t worked there long, and neither have you.

Daftar Pustaka : 

www.englishclub.com  

www.wikipedia.co.id

http://hikmawandiny.blogspot.com/2014/01/affirmative-and-negative-agreement.htm

http://fnflife.blogspot.com/2010/07/affirmative-negative-aggrement.html

http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2013/04/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-infinitives.html